In August 1485, Henry arrived in Wales with 2,000 of his supporters. (28), Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. Simnels father was an organ maker. They were accused of acting illegally when they extorted large sums of money from wealthy landowners under the recognisance system, and of not only obtaining this money for the King, but of enriching themselves in the process." (11) Polydore Vergil later reported that "King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies." In every action of his life Henry proved himself a man of good judgement; he showed much wisdom in the suppression of rebellion, and he caused many nobles to be beheaded; yet he was given too much to greed, for he raised vast sums of money from merchants and other wealthy men. They would also constitute a compelling case for making a man director of a great industrial concern. Edward had two sons, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York, who were both imprisoned in the Tower by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester. The author returned to Ireland in 184749 to help with famine relief and recorded those experiences in the rather harrowing:Annals of the Famine in Ireland. The subsequent expedition of Sir Richard Edgecomb to Ireland was for the purpose of bringing back to their allegiance the lords of the Pale, who for many months after the fall of Simnel cherished plans of revolt. He held the title of "Lord of Ireland" since the 12th century, but effectively governed only an area that was roughly a semi-circle forty miles deep around Dublin.It is estimated that Henry VII had three million subjects. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath in Oklahoma Primary Source "Guymon Prepares to Shame . However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. (12)King Henry VIIHenry VII was crowned on the battlefield with Richard's crown. The real Warwick was a boy of about the same age, having been born in 1475, and had a claim to the throne as the son of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, King Edward IV's executed brother. Yet Henry was generous to Lambert Simnel and, at first, to Perkin Warbeck, although ruthless and relentless enough in his treatment of Suffolk (the son of Edward IV's sister) who was kept in prison for years after being hunted all over Europe, and of Warwick (son of the Yorkist Duke of Clarence) who was executed after fourteen years in the Tower. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. Backed by several thousand Irish troops in addition to Margaret's mercenaries, Simnel and his patrons landed at Foulney Island on the Cumbrian coast on 4 June and marched across northern Lancashire, over the Pennines and rapidly southwards, gathering support from Ricardian die-hards. Lambert Simnel, a boy of ten, was used by others to reassert the House of York's claim to the throne. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. Richard refused, claiming that he could still obtain victory by killing Henry Tudor in personal combat. In the 1972 BBC serial The Shadow of the Tower, Simnel was portrayed by Gary Warren. (57)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-portrait-1','ezslot_26',706,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-portrait-1-0');Catherine of AragonHenry VII was keen to maintain his alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon and recently widowed, offered to marry Catherine of Aragon himself. Lambert Simnel (c. 1477 after 1534) was a pretender to the throne of England. The conventional picture of of the cold, calculating, thin-lipped, skinflint king will not quite so. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. (5)King Louis XI of France agreed to Edward's request to try and capture Henry. However, Northumberland, convinced that Richard was going to lose, ignored the order.Richard's advisers told him that he must try to get away. The gentry, whose numbers and importance in the royal administration were steadily increasing, were close in blood and social assumptions to the aristocracy, and counted themselves among the upper ranks of English society." By February 1487 Lambert Simnel had appeared in Ireland, claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the young son of Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence. Earl Lincoln sailed from the Netherlands to Dublin, with some 2000 mercenaries supplied by Margaret. The treaty also contained an agreement that, as the parties were related, the signatories bound themselves to obtain the necessary dispensation from Rome. Lambert Simnel was ten years of age and a nonentity when he was crowned Edward VI of England at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin, Ireland on May 24 th, 1487. Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. (41), Arthur and Catherine married on 14th November 1501, at St Paul's Cathedral in London. Historic Mysteries provides captivating articles on archaeology, history, and unexplained mysteries. The young Earl had never been seen again, and John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln . In October 1499 Arthur wrote to her thanking her for the "sweet letters" she had sent him: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. Mrs Nicholsons recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. The proposed treaty included the agreement that Henry's eldest son, Arthur, should marry Catherine of Aragon in return for an undertaking by Henry to declare war on France. Primary Sources; Student Activities; References; Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." For all this, he ruled wisely and well, overcome plots to depose him, and put an end to the dynastic warfare that had blighted England during the second half of the fifteenth century. (Answer Commentary), Anne Boleyn - Religious Reformer (Answer Commentary), Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. Richard therefore gave orders for Lord Stanley's son to be brought to the top of the hill. Margaret Beaufort began plotting with various other opponents of Richard, to place her son on the throne. He was used by the Yorkists claiming he was Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of George, Duke of Clarence, and therefore a nephew of both Edward IV and Richard III.The Yorkists invaded England with a band of 2,000 German mercenaries that same . When the situation began to deteriorate, Richard called up his reserve forces led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." A Net Inceptions project. , View all related items in Oxford Reference , Search for: 'Lambert Simnel' in Oxford Reference . It considers the political instability and the miasma of intrigue associated with the reign of Richard III and the first years of Henry VII. (49) Elizabeth of York told Henry that she was still young enough to have more children. The threats facing Henry VII are then analysed by looking at the Tudor family tree, and understanding who the claimants pretended to be. He took Simnel to Ireland where there was still support for the Yorkist cause, and presented him to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Kildare. Henry VII met it at Stoke, near Newark, and was victorious. This is partly due to sheer chance and partly to the king's habit of never giving himself away. On 16th June the rebel army reached Blackheath. British History Britain; . In 1491 Warbeck travelled to Ireland and John Atwater, the ex-Mayor of Cork, supported him. Caligula: Mad, Bad, and Dangerous to Know? Was Henry VIII's son, Henry FitzRoy, murdered? There is less surviving ,evidence about the personal character of Henry than there is for the other Tudors. She quotes from several different sources that indicate that they had a happy marriage. Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." Whether she truly believed him as her nephew or considered him an imposter is unclear, but she publicly supported his cause. Spain, along with France, were the two major powers in Europe. He was brought up at Raglan Castle, with the intention of marrying him to his eldest daughter. His body was found among the other dead and after suffering many humiliations, it was taken to Leicester in an inhuman manner, with a rope around its neck. The invasion was disastrous as Warbeck failed to find the hoped-for public support in England. However, the kings army held firm and at the end Lincoln, Schwarz, Broughton (who had not accepted his pardon) and the leader of the Irish, Thomas Geraldine, were killed. Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". On the death of Edward IV in 1483, his young sons, Edward and Richard, were usurped by their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. (43), The couple spent the first month of their marriage at Tickenhill Manor. Classroom lessons activities with primary sources and student questions and answers. As Puebla explained to Henry: "Bearing in mind what happens every day to the kings of England, it is surprising that Ferdinand and Isabella should dare think of giving their daughter at all." Henry had an unusual approach to what was potentially a serious problem. ", Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? Simnel was pardoned because of his tender years, and was thereafter employed by the Royal household as a scullion, and, later, as a Groom of the Stool. (Answer Commentary). Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. Vaughan was captured and executed and the two men escaped to Tenby and took a ship, heading for France but landing in Brittany late in the month after a stormy voyage. [13], This article is about the English person. King Richard received many mortal wounds and like a spirited and most courageous prince, fell in battle on the field and not in flight. Henry now went to live with his uncle, Jasper Tudor, the restored Earl of Pembroke. Henry had been receiving information about events in Ireland, although it was vague and conflicting. Richard, because he expected victory, received Henry with great courage Henry's army were now almost out of hope of victory, when William Stanley with three thousand men came to the rescue Richard's army fled, and King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies. "It was said the English vice was overeating, as the German vice was drunkenness and the French vice lechery." The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. The so called Princes in the Tower disappeared mysteriously and Richard claimed the throne, becoming Richard III. According to Francis Bacon: "The Cornish, being ill-armed and ill-led and without horse or artillery, were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight." Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? Accept Read More, Princes in the Tower: A Mystery of Missing Royalty. He was baptized on 24th September in Winchester Cathedral and named after the famous British hero whose fabulous exploits fill the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. However, he was captured and was brought before Henry at Taunton Castle on 5th October. At the age of 10, Perkin was learning Dutch, and then he learned from various masters before finding employment with John Strewe, an English merchant. Of the revolts faced by Henry VII, the most serious were those with dynastic intentions. However, they were not happy about sending their daughter to a country whose king might be deposed at any time. (23) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Henry Tudor was soon separated from his mother as Edward IV decided that he wanted him live with Lord William Herbert, his leading supporter in Wales. There was no serious evidence of treason against either, although their blood made them a potential cause of treason in others. Simnel and Simond were captured by Robert Bellingham, a squire of Henry's house. Simnel was later given the post of kings falconer in recognition of how well he had worked. Simnel was routed at the battle of Stoke: his promoters were slain or imprisoned, and the young imposter was taken into the royal household as a servant. Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." (4)var cid='1427959711';var pid='ca-pub-1708185697831973';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). It established a common policy towards France, reduced tariffs between the two countries and agreed a marriage contract between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and also established a dowry for Catherine of 200,000 crowns. Call Number: E173 .A747 2008. They retreated to Taunton but with news that Henry's army was marching into Cornwall, on 21st September, Warbeck escaped and sought sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey. History Learning Site Copyright 2000 - 2023. For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. He was an only child and he had learnt very early to keep his own counsel and to trust no confidant. Lord Kildare collected an army of Irish soldiers under the command of his younger brother, Thomas FitzGerald of Laccagh. Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. Forced to flee, Warbeck was welcomed by James IV of Scotland. (6) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. (21). The first of these people was Lambert Simnel.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_13',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4-0'); Richard Symonds was a priest from Oxford. In the 2017 Starz miniseries The White Princess, Simnel is portrayed by Max True. [9], King Henry pardoned young Simnel (probably because he recognised that Simnel had been merely a puppet in the hands of adults) and put him to work in the royal kitchen as a spit-turner. According to his diehard Yorkist promoters, however, the boy was actually Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of Edward IV's brother the Duke of Clarence and thus the rightful heir to the throne of England, usurped by Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. For the king it was all or nothing.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); The first initial problem Henry had was one he inherited from Richard III the Princes in the Tower. Kildare was willing to support the story and invade England to overthrow King Henry. She never recovered and died nine days later on 11th February, her thirty-seventh birthday, of puerperal fever. Henry would have been concerned by her size. He also met Viscount Lovell, who had supported a failed Yorkist uprising in 1486. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It was allied to great patience and great industry. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_18',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_19',116,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-116{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. (25)In July 1495 Warbeck landed some of his men at Deal. (15). He told him of his startling looks, including his strong athletic limbs "of a gigantic size" was already beginning to arouse the admiration of the Royal Court. In i486, the year following the accession of Henry VII., rumours were disseminated by the adherents of the Yorkist dynasty that the two . For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. In August 1485, Henry of Lancaster had established himself on the English throne as Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. Ferdinand's motivation was that Spanish merchants wishing to reach the Netherlands, needed the protection of English ports if France was barred to them. In 2006 Steeleye Span's album Bloody Men included a song, The Story of the Scullion King, about Simnel. (16) Bishop Stephen Gardiner commented: "Every country hath his peculiar inclination to naughtiness. With this protection, Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. The royal army of 12,000 set up camp 10 miles (16km) away. Catherine moved to Richmond Palace but complained to her father about her poverty and her inability to pay her servants, and her demeaning dependence on Henry's charity. Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, also brought 3,000 men but his loyalty to Richard was in doubt. Various sources claim different parentage, but it is definite that he had a humble origin. (10). 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? (Answer Commentary). Initially he was put into the care of women and his nursery at Farnham. Fraser goes on to argue that the Tudors believed that bearing children too young might damage their chances of having further children. The Scotch-Irish in America tells the story of how the hardy breed of men and women, who in America came to be known as the Scotch-Irish, was forged in the north of Ireland during the seventeenth century. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. (8), When Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. (20)It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III. Margaret collected 2,000 Flemish mercenaries and shipped them to Ireland under the command of Martin Schwartz, a noted military leader of the time. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. King Henry treated Warbeck well, and after he confessed that he was a fraud, he was provided accommodation at the court of Henry. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. (62). Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. (14)Francis Bacon has suggested that Henry's "aversion toward the house of York was so predominant in him as it found place not only in his wars and councils, but in his chamber and bed". Simnel was given a position in the kings kitchen as Henry recognised that he was not the cause of the invasion but a mere pawn in a very dangerous game. (38)Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. But the English do not like their kings to be too clever. Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? Available at:https://www.historytoday.com/archive/execution-perkin-warbeck. Lambert Simnel, a boy of ten, was used by others to reassert the House of Yorks claim to the throne. (35)However, the marriage was not guaranteed. Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jasper Tudor : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Elizabeth of York : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Prince Arthur : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Lambert Simnel : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Perkin Warbeck : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Henry VIII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Richard Empson : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Katherine of Aragon : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The first challenge to Henrys crown came barely a year after he defeated Richard III. Cornwall, then as now an independent minded part of England, provided Warbeck with 6,000 men to march on Henry. 2009-2021 Historic Mysteries. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. 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